Concussions

Our group project on Concussions!

Concussions on Prezi

EMG Lab

EMG Lab: 

What is EMG? EMG is a graphical recording of electrical activity within the muscles.

When the muscles are activated by nerves it results in changes in ion flow across cell membranes. This generates electrical activity. During this lab, we tested the electrical activity within the muscles of your jaw while eating different types of food, varying in hardness. 

Hypothesis:

If we differ the hardness in foods, then the jaw muscles will show more electrical activity because the jaw works harder to chew harder foods then it does softer things.

Materials:

EKG probe and electrode tabs

Different types of food

Mouth :) (Someone to eat)

Experiment:

We hooked up Sierra to the probes to study her electrical activity. She had probes on her upper and lower jaw. First, we had a baseline (Sierra clenched her jaw and recorded the activity). Sierra rested her jaw for 5 seconds between each different types of food. We then gave her 8 different types of food (pudding, BBQ chips, carrots, chocolate chip cookies, a banana, celery, Dr. Pepper, & beef jerky)

Results:

Analysis:

As you can see, different types of food had different types of activity. The average activity was o.5 mV. The highest, surprisingly, was pudding with 2.2mV. We believe that the pudding had the highest amount of activity because the jaw moves more while trying to swallow the pudding because you don't have to chew as much. The lowest activity was Dr. Pepper. We believe this was because drinking liquids don't involve much of any activity. 

Conclusion:

We can conclude that our hypothesis is sometimes true, but not always. Celery is in fact harder then things such as Dr. Pepper, but this is not the case with celery and pudding. Even though our hypothesis was partially incorrect, we had a great time conducting the lab and actually learned a lot!!

Research - Muscle Regeneration :)

Click here to go to the article I researched!

What are muscles responsible for?

40% of our body mass!

breathing

eating

posture

walking 

reflexes

heat generation 

metabolism

Muscle loss is called -  atrophy or wasting

Muscle loss causes:

disuse

injury 

starvation 

diseases such as cancer 

sepsis 

neuromuscular disorders

ageing

Muscle mass is reduced about 1/3 when humans reach the age of 50-80

The University of Western Australia 

has researched many things about muscles.. not only how they affect they body and also the heart as well

They took aged mice and this was exactly what they did!!

SOURCE: (http://www.anhb.uwa.edu.au/research/student-projects/muscle-regeneration)

Weights – Body weights, muscle weights

1. Levels of muscle IGF-1 in young and old transgenic mice (IGF-1 elisa)
2. Muscle fibre type changes (Immunostaining)
3. Myofibre number and size (cross-sectional area) changes (HandE staining)
4. Neuromuscular Junctions – morphology and innervation (Immunostaining and Imaging on Confocal lazer microscope)
5. Motoneuron counts in the spinal cord (toluidine blue staining/developing other methods)
6. Oxidative stress measurements
7. Levels of neurotrophic factors (qPCR/mRNA levels/Western Blots)9. Signalling pathways – Phosphoprotein signalling (Western Blots)

Therefore, we can infer that the muscle anatomy in the body is very important. Without your muscles you would be 40% less of the person you are now, and stationary. You wouldn't be able to move, eat, or breath; pretty much nothing! This is why the research is so important especially in the elderly because when they loose muscle mass, they become weaker and fall more which leads to more fractures and even possibly death! Which is very scary! :/ The more you exercise, the more muscle mass you have and are able to do more things! So, go out and exercise and keep your self healthy in other ways! That way you don't end up old and unable to walk, or even eat!

Muscle Anatomy!

While learning Muscle Anatomy, we broke ourselves up into different groups (Me, Madison, Chapin) to create our own version of Muscle Anatomy! It worked out very well actually. Here is our creation below!

Each group worked on Muscle Anatomy, Sliding Filament Theory (How we think muscles contract!), or Neuromuscular Junction.

Obviously, like said before, we worked on Muscle Anatomy!

The Big Picture! 

& below are different sections up close!

Skeletal System!

Integumentary System

Click the link below to go to my Glog!
Then.....
Click on the Epidermis & Dermis boxes for more information (:

http://adavis93.glogster.com/glog/

What makes your skin color?
     Melanin - yellow to black pigment. This makes skin color dark or light
              Freckles result from accumulations of melanin
     Carotene - yellow to orange. found in the palms and feet
     Hemoglobin- reddish. makes skin pinkish

Sweat glands! Prevent overheating of body
    Eccrine - palms, feet, forehead
    Apocrine - axillary and anogenital areas
    Ceruminous - ear canal
    Mammary - secrete milk

Sebaceous -
found all over body
soften skin when hormones stimulate
oily secretion
responsible for acne

HAIR!
Dead keratinized cells
hard keratin
contains a medulla, cortex, cuticle
melanocytes determine color

FUNCTIONS-
maintain warmth
alert insects on skin
guarding scalp against sunlight, heat, and trauma
--We do not have hair on our palms, soles, and lips

Alopecia- hair thinning

Functions of Integumentary-
Protection
body temp regulation
dilation and constriction of dermal vessels
Cutaneous sensation
Metabolic functions - vitamin D
blood reservoir - 5% of blood volume
Excretion

Skin Cancer -
Three major types: Basal - most common, least dangerous.. surgical excision
Squamous- found on scalp, ears, lower lip. grows rapidly
 Melanoma (rare but most dangerous) - resistant to chemo
      use the ABCD rule
A: asymmetry
B: border
C: color
D: diameter

BURNS:
First degree- only the epidermis is damaged (redness, swelling, pain)
Second degree - epidermis & upper dermis (blisters)
Third degree - entire skin (appears gray-white, no pain)

Rule of 9's
estimates severity
considered critical if----
over 25% - second degree
over 10% third degree
third degree on face, hands, or feet

Histology --that I worked VERY hard on (:

Histology on Prezi